Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued October 11–12, 1944 Decided December 18, 1944
Full case name	Fred Korematsu vs. United States
Citations	323 U.S. 214 (more) 65 S. Ct. 193; 89 L. Ed. 194; 1944 U.S. LEXIS 1341
Prior history	Certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Holding
The exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was constitutional.
Court membership
Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Owen J. Roberts · Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed · Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas · Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson · Wiley B. Rutledge
Case opinions
Majority	Black, joined by Stone, Reed, Douglas, Rutledge, Frankfurter
Concurrence	Frankfurter
Dissent	Roberts
Dissent	Murphy
Dissent	Jackson
Laws applied
Executive Order 9066; U.S. Const. amend. V

Korematsu v. United States 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court. It concerned the constitutionality of military commanders, under an executive order by the President, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II.^[1] This was regardless of their citizenship.^[1] In February of 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066.^[2] This gave military commanders the power to evacuate all persons considered a threat to national security from the West Coast of the United States to relocation centers.^[3] Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American who was born in the United States, refused to comply with the order.^[3] He became a fugitive, but was arrested and sentenced to five years probation.^[4] He appealed his conviction with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After having his conviction upheld, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 6-3 decision, the Court upheld his conviction and ruled the exclusion order was constitutional.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} "Korematsu v. United States". CaseBreifs. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
2. ↑ "Document for February 19th: Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese". The National Archives. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} "Korematsu v. United States (1944)". PBS. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
4. ↑ "Korematsu v. United States". Densho. Retrieved 21 March 2016.